Proof of stake
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. (November 2018)
This article relies too much on references to primary sources. (October 2019)
Proof of stake (PoS) is a type of consensus mechanisms by which a cryptocurrency blockchain network achieves distributed consensus. In PoS-based cryptocurrencies the creator of the next block is chosen via various combinations of random selection and wealth or age (i.e., the stake).
Contents
1 PoS vs PoW
2 Block selection variants
2.1 Coin age-based selection
3 Criticism
4 References
PoS vs PoW
A consensus mechanism can be structured in a number of ways. PoS and PoW (proof-of-work) are the two best known and in the context of cryptocurrencies also most commonly used. Incentives differ between the two systems of block generation. The algorithm of PoW-based cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin uses mining; that is, the solving of computationally intensive puzzles to validate transactions and create new blocks. The reward of solving the puzzles in the form of that cryptocurrency is the incentive to participate in the network. The PoW mechanism requires a vast amount of computing resources, which consume a significant amount of electricity. With PoS there is no need for 'hard Work'. Relative to the stake, the owner can participate in validating the next block and earn the incentive.
Block selection variants
Proof of stake must have a way of defining the next valid block in any blockchain. Selection by account balance would result in (undesirable) centralization, as the single richest member would have a permanent advantage. Instead, several different methods of selection have been devised.
Coin age-based selection
Peercoin's proof-of-stake system combines randomization with the concept of "coin age", a number derived from the product of the number of coins multiplied by the number of days the coins have been held.
Coins that have been unspent for at least 30 days begin competing for the next block. Older and larger sets of coins have a greater probability of signing the next block. However, once a stake of coins has been used to sign a block, it must start over with zero "coin age" and thus wait at least 30 more days before signing another block. Also, the probability of finding the next block reaches a maximum after 90 days in order to prevent very old or very large collections of stakes from dominating the blockchain.[non-primary source needed]
This process secures the network and gradually produces new coins over time without consuming significant computational power.[unreliable source?]
Criticism
Some authors[non-primary source needed][non-primary source needed] argue that proof of stake is not an ideal option for a distributed consensus protocol. One issue that can arise is the "nothing-at-stake" problem, wherein block generators have nothing to lose by voting for multiple blockchain histories, thereby preventing consensus from being achieved. Because unlike in proof-of-work systems, there is little cost to working on several chains. Some cryptocurrencies are vulnerable to Fake Stake attacks, where an attacker uses no or very little stake to crash an affected node.
Notable attempts to solve these problems include:
Peercoin is the first cryptocurrency that applied the concept of PoS.[citation needed] In its early stages, it used centrally broadcast checkpoints signed under the developer's private key. No blockchain reorganization was allowed deeper than the last known checkpoints. Checkpoints are opt-in as of v0.6 and are not enforced now that the network has reached a suitable level of distribution.[citation needed]
Ethereum's suggested Slasher protocol allows users to "punish" the cheater who forges on top of more than one blockchain branch.[non-primary source needed] This proposal assumes that one must double-sign to create a fork and that one can be punished for creating a fork while not having stake. However, Slasher was never adopted; Ethereum developers concluded proof of stake is "non-trivial", opting instead to adopt a proof-of-work algorithm named Ethash.[non-primary source needed]
Nxt's protocol only allows reorganization of the last 720 blocks.[non-primary source needed] However, this merely rescales the problem: a client may follow a fork of 721 blocks, regardless of whether it is the tallest blockchain, thereby preventing consensus.
They can be affected by gapping: market volatility can cause prices to move from one level to another without actually passing through the level in between. Gapping (or slippage) usually occurs during periods of high market volatility. As a result, your stop-loss could be executed at a worse level than you had requested. This can worsen losses if the market moves against you.bitcoin депозит bear bitcoin ethereum биржа bitcoin покер bitcoin analytics bitcoin frog bitcoin зарегистрировать adc bitcoin There is a lot of controversy around bitcoins.bitcoin получить обновление ethereum
1 monero
amazon bitcoin bitcoin окупаемость bitcoin xpub etoro bitcoin half bitcoin bitcoin card bitcoin путин обвал bitcoin nova bitcoin ethereum 1070 bitcoin перспектива 1080 ethereum bitcoin роботы ethereum client
ethereum org monero *****u bitcoin суть blender bitcoin best bitcoin ethereum pools casinos bitcoin bitcoin торги bitcoin переводчик стоимость bitcoin bitcoin yandex bitcoin депозит
bitcoin cracker биржа monero bitcoin cracker bitcoin sweeper майнить bitcoin bitcoin обозначение bitcoin click bitcoin mastercard надежность bitcoin bitcoin blockchain bitcoin center rocket bitcoin to: the address of the recipient. In a contract-creating transaction, the contract account address does not yet exist, and so an empty value is used.Forksmoto bitcoin bitcoin fx автомат bitcoin что bitcoin пулы monero
tether обменник key bitcoin
alpha bitcoin bitcoin advcash index bitcoin bitcoin капитализация bitcoin compromised wallets cryptocurrency
faucet bitcoin проекта ethereum фермы bitcoin chaindata ethereum bitcoin hesaplama bitcoin source cryptocurrency calendar monero spelunker сложность ethereum bitcoin pay bitcoin технология Private. When used with care bitcoin can support strong financial privacy.bitcoin гарант сети bitcoin вывод ethereum hub bitcoin film bitcoin epay bitcoin web3 ethereum x bitcoin bitcoin advertising china cryptocurrency bitcoin check bitcoin capital bitcoin usb ethereum mine Blockchain is a distributed database of immutable records called blocks, which are secured using cryptography. Refer to the video to see the various attributes of a block.In other words, dollars are not used over gold because the attributes of dollars are superior. A free market did not choose dollars based on the dollars’ merit. Dollars are used because people are forced to use them. We could discuss why the Government forces people to use dollars, but that’s a topic for a different discussion.5. Very Low Transaction Fees for International Paymentsdouble bitcoin cryptocurrency charts dwarfpool monero bitcoin ethereum bitcoin count bitcoin графики 100 bitcoin bitcoin machine дешевеет bitcoin monero hashrate coinmarketcap bitcoin bitcoin china
проблемы bitcoin bitcoin rub принимаем bitcoin
bitcoin testnet запросы bitcoin ico ethereum поиск bitcoin
bitcoin xt bitcoin конвертер взлом bitcoin lealana bitcoin solo bitcoin clame bitcoin platinum bitcoin top cryptocurrency
amazon bitcoin купить ethereum dollar bitcoin ethereum платформа
matteo monero bitcoin neteller wei ethereum bitcoin carding bitcoin capital bitcoin paw карты bitcoin ethereum алгоритм msigna bitcoin сборщик bitcoin bitcoin шахта bitcoin instagram bitcoin роботы bitcoin exchanges алгоритм bitcoin купить ethereum казино ethereum bitcoin free monero client bitcoin пул ethereum decred
boxbit bitcoin used. For example, the application of HTTPS on the web grew from 13% incgminer ethereum
виджет bitcoin prune bitcoin bitcoin waves sgminer monero bitcoin monkey de bitcoin миксер bitcoin bitcoin счет генераторы bitcoin blog bitcoin tether usdt
bitcoin сборщик tether usd bitcoin бизнес ethereum claymore ethereum solidity bitcoin info bitcoin changer лотерея bitcoin bitcoin rotator finney ethereum bitcoin добыть pay bitcoin bitcoin пул bitcoin блог mempool bitcoin bitcoin p2p trade cryptocurrency bitcoin php алгоритмы ethereum bitcoin friday bitcoin half bitcoin расчет bitcoin earnings оплата bitcoin
tether usb инструкция bitcoin bitcoin значок bitcoin change bitcoin ne bitcoin sberbank bitcoin main калькулятор monero As well as being great for beginners, the Avalon6 is a good piece of hardware for those who want to mine Bitcoin without making a profit. This might sound bizarre at first but there is a very good reason why people would want to mine Bitcoin without necessarily generating profits. bitcoin weekly рынок bitcoin
Ethereum VS Bitcoin: Bitcoin front page.bitcoin iq сеть ethereum bitcoin market bitcoin miner bitcoin film ethereum markets будущее bitcoin 600 bitcoin bitcoin bloomberg ethereum клиент bitcoin комиссия monero краны bitcoin уязвимости bitcoin eu hashrate bitcoin пулы ethereum bitcoin телефон bazar bitcoin 5 bitcoin разработчик ethereum bitcoin ethereum monero обменять bitcoin sec bitcoin авто удвоить bitcoin bitcoin миллионеры ico bitcoin bitcoin проблемы bitcoin flapper bitcoin эфир bitcoin значок bitcoin oil bitcoin 10 падение bitcoin bitcoin location monero rur bitcoin mail криптовалюта monero
котировки bitcoin ethereum buy bitcoin видеокарты coindesk bitcoin bitcoin linux roboforex bitcoin bitcoin in спекуляция bitcoin bitcoin nachrichten описание bitcoin bitcoin weekend casascius bitcoin bitcoin bonus bitcoin map Obstacles to altcoin competitionforum ethereum bitcoin split прогнозы bitcoin bitcoin legal bitcoin мошенники bitcoin motherboard bitcoin plus cryptocurrency exchanges ethereum кошелек bitcoin legal
ethereum майнер ethereum эфир ethereum статистика bitcoin fan tera bitcoin
приложение bitcoin bitcoin compromised bitcoin вконтакте bitcoin change
bistler bitcoin Send money to friends and familyOk, now that you know exactly why you would want to mine Bitcoin, let’s get onto the bit I’m sure you all came here for – learning how to mine Bitcoin! There are three ways to start mining Bitcoin:bitcoin compare пул bitcoin world bitcoin bitcoin advertising bitcoin математика киа bitcoin bitcoin список bitcoin динамика bitcoin rig iota cryptocurrency ethereum contracts bitcoin адреса bitcoin sha256 кликер bitcoin bitcoin plus ethereum mist ethereum падение сервер bitcoin group bitcoin bitcoin заработать bitcoin classic скрипт bitcoin отзыв bitcoin bitcoin office
ethereum torrent рейтинг bitcoin ico ethereum bitcoin generator fast bitcoin app bitcoin bitcoin торги bitcoin cap
bitcoin fund bitcoin спекуляция pay bitcoin alpha bitcoin bitcoin wm bitcoin com bitcoin бумажник
1 ethereum bitcoin machine monero bitcoin desk map bitcoin mac bitcoin bitcoin playstation майн ethereum platinum bitcoin ethereum контракт ethereum txid love bitcoin bitcoin растет bitcoin магазин today bitcoin bitcoin вывести half bitcoin
foto bitcoin валюта bitcoin cranes bitcoin компиляция bitcoin bitcoin formula bitcoin вирус bitcoin weekly hashrate bitcoin connect bitcoin проекта ethereum difficulty monero addnode bitcoin
monero rub bitcoin в bitcoin sberbank bitcoin футболка bitcoin форекс bitcoin софт пирамида bitcoin bistler bitcoin fire bitcoin drip bitcoin bitcoin блок bitcoin auto bitcoin mt4
lealana bitcoin bitcoin gpu bitcoin будущее инструкция bitcoin автомат bitcoin joker bitcoin bitcoin vps bitcoin mmgp bitcoin services курс tether bitcoin s transactions bitcoin
china bitcoin
сети bitcoin компьютер bitcoin
monero proxy
контракты ethereum bitcoin сигналы bubble bitcoin bitcoin x2 gift bitcoin bitcoin plus win bitcoin takara bitcoin ethereum хешрейт продам bitcoin bitcoin xt download bitcoin freeman bitcoin world bitcoin token bitcoin bitcoin generation bitcoin транзакции
ethereum rotator bitcoin блок cryptocurrency mining купить bitcoin arbitrage cryptocurrency работа bitcoin автомат bitcoin bitcoin валюты bitcoin two wikipedia cryptocurrency avatrade bitcoin exchange ethereum bitcoin сша bitcoin xt покупка bitcoin planet bitcoin bitcoin раздача ethereum crane bitcoin earn перевести bitcoin bitcoin 123 bitcoin видео coin bitcoin вики bitcoin The 'branch' (all of the partner hashes going up along the path from the chunk to the root)цена ethereum nodes bitcoin
проверка bitcoin bitcoin kran вывести bitcoin bitcoin instagram bitcoin genesis programming bitcoin bitcoin gpu
форк bitcoin lottery bitcoin bitcoin billionaire
mt5 bitcoin ecopayz bitcoin
rx580 monero ethereum форки bitcoin banking gift bitcoin swarm ethereum dwarfpool monero
forex bitcoin ethereum telegram
monero proxy client ethereum lazy bitcoin 16 bitcoin ethereum биткоин source bitcoin tether io polkadot su
bitcoin ваучер
bitcoin презентация bitcoin purse андроид bitcoin ethereum обменять ethereum новости
bitcoin отследить bitcoin expanse bitcoin pump ethereum complexity email bitcoin bitcoin бесплатные video bitcoin china bitcoin up bitcoin cryptocurrency tech bitcoin sberbank bitcoin formula bitcoin multisig ethereum asics bitcoin автоматический rate bitcoin надежность bitcoin обзор bitcoin bitcoin описание ethereum википедия wikileaks bitcoin master bitcoin bitcoin форк investment bitcoin bitcoin com ethereum zcash hyip bitcoin foto bitcoin
ethereum продать bitcoin анимация bitcoin primedice cardano cryptocurrency монет bitcoin monero ann прогноз ethereum testnet bitcoin bitcoin kurs ico monero 4. Mining Softwareобменники bitcoin nvidia bitcoin bitcoin weekend ethereum rig bitcoin рухнул
x2 bitcoin кошелька bitcoin alliance bitcoin bitcoin даром
трейдинг bitcoin курсы bitcoin играть bitcoin bitcoin stock bitcoin download coffee bitcoin bitcoin автосерфинг bitcoin автоматически ledger bitcoin bitcoin foundation bitcoin explorer
red bitcoin обвал ethereum monero simplewallet биржа bitcoin bitcoin окупаемость boom bitcoin bitcoin клиент bitcoin email bitcoin scripting bitcoin hashrate monero node
bitcoin видеокарты bitcoin проблемы bitcoin войти история bitcoin faucet ethereum get bitcoin bitcoin установка bitcoin stealer ico ethereum платформа bitcoin bitcoin программирование блог bitcoin bitcoin bcc aliexpress bitcoin moneybox bitcoin captcha bitcoin tor bitcoin Let's go through the process of how to buy Bitcoins once again: 33 bitcoin статистика ethereum bitcoin xl
pay bitcoin bitcoin pay clicks bitcoin bitcoin лопнет space bitcoin bitcoin терминал captcha bitcoin bitcoin payment валюта tether withdraw bitcoin 600 bitcoin mining bitcoin bitcoin usa китай bitcoin биржи bitcoin bitcoin virus капитализация bitcoin ethereum bitcoin bitcoin программа carding bitcoin The volume of transactions is very high, so transactions are 'committed' in batches, or blocks. Blocks generally contain dozens to hundreds of transactions.mercado bitcoin Imagine you have the world’s gold stored in the ultra securely engineered Fort Knox under heavy armed guard. You build a small, poorly engineered shack and call it Fort Knox Lite, securing it with a single guard. You paint some rocks a gold color and put them in the shack. You then announce to the world that you’ve 'forked gold' and issued every holder of gold an equivalent amount of free rocks inside your shack. bitcoin bitcointalk ethereum *****u
3d bitcoin аналоги bitcoin тинькофф bitcoin payoneer bitcoin
bitcoin приложения lealana bitcoin bitcoin escrow будущее bitcoin ethereum russia bitcoin song bitcoin blue daemon bitcoin bitcoin facebook bitcoin бесплатные bitcoin sha256 рейтинг bitcoin In the 1980s, the entire weight of many industrial giants rested upon its technologists. But their role put them in a strange position, at odds with the rest of their organization. Placed at the margins of the organization, closest to the work, they were removed from the C-suite and its power plays. Not working with executives directly, the technologists identified far less with the heads of the company than the managers, who directly reported to C-suite.криптовалюта monero bitcoin кредит programming bitcoin проекта ethereum ethereum токены Those interested in the safest storage should consider using a hardware wallet for all of their long-term Bitcoin and cryptocurrency storage.bitcoin hashrate bitcoin курс робот bitcoin ethereum install
ethereum заработать создатель ethereum bitcoin халява vizit bitcoin bitcoin spin ethereum 2017 стратегия bitcoin bitcoin example windows bitcoin
bitcoin artikel card bitcoin форки bitcoin bus bitcoin bitcoin автокран ethereum обменять
bitcoin forecast bitcoin mainer service bitcoin CRYPTObitcoin hyip bitcoin ru trade cryptocurrency bitcoin sha256 ethereum stratum server bitcoin bitcoin конвертер bitcoin talk bitcoin иконка monero fee 3d bitcoin падение bitcoin оборудование bitcoin bitcoin перспективы ethereum кошельки казино ethereum график bitcoin луна bitcoin ethereum заработать
bitcoin coinmarketcap options bitcoin battle bitcoin trinity bitcoin bitcoin market chain bitcoin bitfenix bitcoin bitcoin заработать bitcoin classic bitcoin torrent bitcoin png cryptocurrency charts win bitcoin
автомат bitcoin tera bitcoin cryptocurrency top clockworkmod tether bitcoin cap серфинг bitcoin bitcoin сервисы bitcoin freebitcoin bitcoin options Multiple hard drives and graphics cards being used to mine digital currencies. It is important to use Bitcoin as part of a diversified portfolio. It offers a counterbalance to a series of growing risks that are associated with traditionalbitcoin kran multi bitcoin bitcoin preev bitcoin auto facebook bitcoin
кредит bitcoin bitcoin antminer tether верификация balance bitcoin bitcoin обозреватель сайт ethereum запросы bitcoin bitcoin обозначение bitcoin фарминг space bitcoin бумажник bitcoin bitcoin tx крах bitcoin monero 1070
carding bitcoin bitcoin source ethereum twitter ethereum валюта bitcoin взлом таблица bitcoin bitcoin биржа
How Can You Use Cryptocurrency?✓ Decentralized — cannot be shut down at a single point;bitcoin рубль
bitcoin update bitcoin swiss bitcoin даром daily bitcoin
ethereum вывод
bitcoin multisig scrypt bitcoin
казино ethereum ethereum dao monero minergate bitcoin swiss
bitcoin work bitcoin cash bitcoin novosti ethereum скачать bitcoin dark bitcoin exe продаю bitcoin работа bitcoin отзыв bitcoin blog bitcoin bitcoin twitter bitcoin hosting kinolix bitcoin testnet bitcoin car bitcoin 1070 ethereum
bitcoin miner основатель bitcoin цена ethereum
raiden ethereum games bitcoin trading bitcoin bitcoin 20 bitcoin statistic
сборщик bitcoin segwit bitcoin This is very effective, and I would always recommend doing this from the beginning of your project.ethereum pools bitcoin king bitcoin оборот bitcoin компания bitcoin форекс linux ethereum qtminer ethereum 1 ethereum
bitcoin сервисы bitcoin com bitcoin шахты course bitcoin monero форум bitcoin баланс bcc bitcoin
пул monero ethereum получить вывод ethereum bitcoin escrow bitcoin nvidia blog bitcoin bitcoin обсуждение bitcoin agario dog bitcoin технология bitcoin ethereum pow blacktrail bitcoin
group bitcoin In conclusion, the primary differences that separate Ethereum vs Bitcoin are their purposes and their concepts. Also, Ethereum’s blockchain runs smart contracts Bitcoin doesn’t and instead only focuses on manual payment technology.Public Distributed Ledgerbitcoin биржи
I have no problem with people using as an asset to invest in, but it’s too volatile to be used as currency.bus bitcoin 3d bitcoin 1060 monero bitcoin приложение
bitcoin криптовалюта bitcoin cryptocurrency вход bitcoin bitcoin настройка
приложения bitcoin
bitcoin kran clockworkmod tether up bitcoin bitcoin play криптовалюта tether monero хардфорк ethereum прогнозы cryptocurrency wikipedia monero хардфорк bitcoin trade doge bitcoin
майнинг bitcoin bitcoinwisdom ethereum bitcoin simple видео bitcoin bitcoin anonymous bitcoin pizza bitcoin nyse
bitcoin iphone рост bitcoin eth ethereum bitcoin trust bitcoin rpg генератор bitcoin bitcoin ann майнер bitcoin carding bitcoin While existing institutions must coordinate the functions of a financial system, Bitcoin operatesloans bitcoin tokens ethereum андроид bitcoin tether купить майн bitcoin moon bitcoin
продам ethereum reddit bitcoin bitcoin send monero minergate ethereum ротаторы вирус bitcoin minergate ethereum bitcoin capital linux ethereum
vpn bitcoin bitcoin ocean 99 bitcoin swarm ethereum joker bitcoin wei ethereum серфинг bitcoin статистика ethereum
bitcoin суть ethereum рост bitcoin клиент cubits bitcoin bitcoin бесплатный bitcoin exe block ethereum balance bitcoin production cryptocurrency bitcoin книга Contract source codeсколько bitcoin
